Receiving a letter from solicitors informing that someone is making an injury claim against you can certainly have a negative impact on your day.

Depending on the circumstances of the accident, you may be confronted with a Letter of Claim or a Claim Notification Form which set out full details of the alleged incident and injuries. But no matter what correspondence you receive there will be strict response timeframes set that you will be told you need to abide by.

Often the first reaction to this letter is one of worry, as you may not know how you are going to respond to the claimant's solicitors, defend the claim or even pay the compensation. You may even be angry as you believe it is a fraudulent or false personal injury claim.

However, the good news is that the vast majority of claims are usually covered by some kind of insurance policy and we're going to explain the scenarios where insurance may cover the claim as well as your options when no insurance is available.​
​

1. Stay calm, read the letter carefully and do not respond with any admission of liability (fault).
2. Check your insurance policies for coverage (motor, home, pet, employers etc.)
3. Notify relevant insurers immediately and provide them with a copy of the letter.
4. Preserve any evidence that relates to the alleged incident (photos of the location, your version of events, witnesses etc.)
5. If uninsured, seek you own legal advice from specialised personal injury defence solicitors.

​In this guide we go into more detail depending on where the incident took place and who is making the claim. You can jump to the relevant sections below:

As it's a legal requirement that you must have at least third-party motor insurance to drive on UK roads, the claim against you is likely to be fully covered by your vehicle insurance. While it is likely your insurer has already been notified of the accident and subsequent claim, your first action should be to advise them of the solicitor documentation you have received.

One important item to remember is that not having the optional 'Legal Expenses Cover' on your policy will not stop your insurance company acting to defend a claim made against you. Comprehensive, fire and theft, and third party insurance should all provide sufficient cover to defend a car accident claim against you.

When you report the claim, you will almost certainly be asked about the accident circumstances, vehicle damage and any evidence you have. This will be used to establish liability (fault) for the accident which will determine how your insurance company handles the claim.

Your insurer should then deal with the matter from this point forward including complying with the various deadlines and disclosure requirements. If the case gets to the stage of court proceedings, then your insurer will also appoint a solicitor to defend the case who may also want to discuss the incident with you.

Motor Insurance Bureau (MIB)

There can be instances where your insurance company refuses to cover you or you don't have suitable insurance in place for a road collision (i.e. an expired van or car insurance policy). In these cases, the claim may be dealt with by the Motor Insurance Bureau who handles uninsured and untraced driver claims.

This may then lead to a further claim where the Motor Insurance Bureau is claiming against you following an accident they've defended on your behalf due to your lack of insurance.


In the case of an MIB claim against you or where there is no motor insurance policy (i.e. a cyclist injures a pedestrian), then you may need to seek your own representation.

If a member of staff is making a claim for an injury at work, usually your Employers' Liability Insurance will cover your business' legal costs to defend the claim, as well as the payment of any compensation that is ultimately awarded.

Often the Claim Notification Form from the claimant will specifically request your insurer's details (or Portal ID) and instruct you to pass the documents on to them. Once this is done, your business insurer will begin investigating the incident and appoint one of their panel solicitors should it become necessary.

For most businesses that have employees, this type of insurance is compulsory under the appropriately named Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act. However, there are some exceptions where employee insurance isn't mandatory such as:

• An employer is a public body or health service organisation
• The business only employs close family members
• The business only uses contractors or self-employed individuals that are not classed as employees
• Where employees don't normally reside in the UK

​
If an injury claim is made by an employee and no appropriate business insurance covers the claim, then you will need to seek legal advice as soon as possible. There are various 'pre-action protocol' steps and deadlines that need to be met and failing to comply with them can have a significant impact on the cost of the claim.
​

Unlike other types of insurance, taking out Public Liability Insurance is optional for a business. If in place, it will cover your business premises when customers visit you (office, shop, salon etc.) as well as if a member of the public is injured during the course of your work.

While Public Liability Insurance covers you for day-to-day business activities, it often doesn't cover you for injuries caused by a product you have manufactured or supplied. For this Product Liability Insurance is often required.

So you will need to consider which of your insurance policies applies to the circumstances that allegedly caused the claimant's injury.

If your business has a suitable Public or Product Liability Insurance policy the claim documentation can be passed on to them. As with Employers' Liability Insurance the policy should cover legal fees to defend the case along with the payment of any compensation that is awarded by the court or agreed in settlement by your insurer.

However, as Product/Public Liability Insurance isn't mandatory and there can be various exclusions depending on the policy purchased, it is the area where we see the most claims that need to be dealt with on a private basis.
​

If someone has been injured whilst lawfully on your property or in your home, then your Home Insurance may cover the cost of the claim depending on the accident circumstances. The 'personal liability' or 'liability to the public' section of a Home Insurance Policy often covers the owners and occupiers if they are held responsible for an accident that occurs in or around the property.

Some Home Insurance products even provide cover for policyholders away from the property, so it is a policy always worth checking.

There can however be many exclusions to Home Insurance liability cover, so you will need to consult your policy and speak to your insurer about whether a claim is covered. Common exclusions may be:
​

• Injury claims made by family members or people employed by you
• Defending of a dog bite claim (but may be covered by separate Pet Insurance)
• A tenant being injured (but may be covered by separate Landlord Insurance)
• Accidents involving children's motorcycles or quad bikes

​

After you've exhausted the potential insurance policies that may indemnify you, you may find that you're on your own in dealing with the claim.

At this point it is critical to seek a personal injury defence lawyer who can advise you on how the claim should be handled. ​They can review the circumstances around the injury, provide a professional opinion of the prospects of the claim and advise on the potential next steps.

Even if you don't wish to defend the claim and want to admit liability for the accident, a defence solicitor will still be able to value the claim and make sure a suitable settlement is reached with your best interests in mind.
​

When you are owed money, hindsight can be a wonderful thing.

All too often in the rush to complete a business transaction or lending money to a friend in need, you won't think to put in place a legally binding agreement that formalises the arrangement beforehand. After all, you have every intention of holding up your end of the deal and so assume the other party will too.

But if payment doesn't happen and your previous agreement starts turning into a dispute over what is owed, you may need to consider what legal avenues are open to you to get your money back.

The success of any legal action will then depend on what evidence you can provide to show that the debt is owed.

A contract between two parties does not have to be a signed document, contracts can be formed verbally.

While it is ideal to have a written agreement which outlines the a financial arrangement and the terms both parties have agreed to. If the same areas were covered in a conversation, then a legally binding contract may still have been formed.

The key legal principles of a contract are:

• Offer - An offer is made by one of the parties to the other (e.g. "I will lend you £200 for two weeks", provide a quote for a piece of work etc.)
• Acceptance  - The other party confirms that they accept the offer
• Consideration - Each party provided something of value to the other (e.g. pay money, pay interest, provide a service, supply goods etc.)
• Create legal relations - It is the intension of both parties that the agreement should be enforceable in law if breached
• Capacity - Each party has the capacity to enter a legally binding contract (e.g. over the age of 18 etc.)

​If these principles have been met verbally, then a contract may have been formed which you can take legal action to enforce if the terms are breached.
​

Yes, but the 'burden of proof' will be on you as the Claimant to show that the amount you are claiming is due. Court should be your last resort in attempting to recover your money and so you should be confident that you have a strong case, sufficient evidence and follow the set pre-action procedure prior to issuing a claim (e.g. sending a letter before action, attempting negotiation etc.)

Ultimately the decision on who owes what will be down to a judge's ruling based on:

1. The applicable law (i.e. breach of contract)
2. The evidence that you can provide
3. The evidence supplied by the defendant/debtor
4. The balance of probabilities

 ​

In the absence of a written contract or agreement being in place, there are various other pieces of information that you may be able to secure which can provide evidence that the money is due.

Bounced cheque or returned direct debit
While the use of cheques is diminishing, over 129 cheques are still issued every year. If your debtor has sent you a cheque that bounced or agreed to a direct debit that has been returned, it is often all the evidence that you need to prove a debt is owed.

In law a cheque is considered a 'promise to pay' and so can be used as a clear admission that money is due.

Unpaid invoices
It is not uncommon for a business to invoice without a signed contract. Most businesses use invoices to request payment so providing copies and proof of them being issued to a customer or supplier will go a long way in proving that a debt is owed, even if they aren't directly attached to Terms of Business or a written terms.

Furthermore, if you provided regular statements of the amounts owed and showing overdue, then these will also be useful as evidence.

Evidence of chasing debts
Once a payment is overdue you will have hopefully contacted the person or company to chase the debt.

Emails, letters, texts or messages exchanged on social media (Facebook, WhatsApp, Snapchat etc.) can all be used to help prove a debt is owed and overdue.

If the other party has responded to you apologising or asking for more time, then this admission will be extremely valuable in proving that they don't dispute that they actually owe the debt. So, it's important that you save or screenshot these messages in the event they are needed.

Loaned money without a contract
Without an I.O.U. or a loan agreement in place, proving that money provided to someone was a loan that needs to be repaid can be difficult. This is because often money given to friends, an ex, or family member is considered a gift and so isn't required to be paid back.

Enforcing a verbal agreement that money is owed will hinge around providing evidence to show that the cash was transferred as a loan along with any repayments, e.g.

• A bank statement showing a transfer or cheque to the person's bank account
• Repayments received into your account that stopped
• Your account history that large cash gifts are not made to the person on a regular basis
• Evidence of your income, outgoings and savings showing it's unlikely that you could afford to give the amount as a gift

Witnesses to the arrangement
When little or no documentation exists to prove a debt, having an independent witness to a verbal contract can be invaluable.

For example - with a business transaction, did an employee take the order over the phone, deliver goods or perform a service where payment was verbally agreed with the customer? If money was lent to a friend, was another person present to witness the agreement of how/when they were going to pay you back?

But even if an independent witness isn't available, you as a claimant can also present your version of events to the court in a written witness statement. Any witnesses may then need to attend court should the claim go all the way to a hearing.
​

Without a written agreement, there should still be plenty of information that you can pull together to prove what you are owed. However, if the other party disputes the amount, or that any debt is owed at all, then you may have a fight on your hands that needs to be settled in court.

It will then be down to the evidence you can gather and how your claim is pleaded to convince a judge that you are entitled to the money owed in the absence of a legally binding written contract. So, obtaining legal advice on the evidence needed for a debt recovery claim and your prospects should be your starting point.
​

As a responsible dog owner, receiving notification that someone is pursuing a compensation claim against you after being bitten by your dog can be a shock.

UK research indicates that one in four people have been bitten by a dog in their lifetime, with a third of bites requiring medical attention but only 0.6% requiring hospital attendance. So, while being seriously injured by a dog is relatively rare, any minor injury to a human which involves your pet will still be a cause for concern.

What happens if my dog bites someone?

In the immediate aftermath of a bite or attack, the police often become involved to assess if your animal is dangerous or could be considered out of control. The outcome of this investigation could be a warning, community resolution order, fine, banning order or even prison sentence in the most serious of cases.

But regardless of any action the police may take in a criminal capacity, you may still be subjected to civil legal proceedings in the form of being sued via a compensation claim made by the injured party.

If this occurs then you'll need to be aware of the options available in defending a dog related personal injury claim, and that you cannot always be held legally responsible for injuries that have been caused by your pet.​
​

Does home insurance cover dog bites?

There are various insurance policies which you may have in place that can cover you in the event that a personal injury claim is made against you as a dog owner. Whether you dog bit someone on your property or in a public place (street, park, woods etc.)

• Pet Insurance - Many pet insurance products that are designed to cover vet bills also have 'third party liability' cover which may cover incidents caused by your animal. However, on some products this liability cover is an optional extra.
• Home Insurance - While not as common, depending on your buildings and contents insurance you may be covered for injuries to the public that occur on your property. However, there may be homeowner policy exclusions relating to animals or dangerous dogs.
• Membership - Some animal organisations (for example the Dogs Trust Companion Club) include third party liability insurance if your dog causes damage or injury as part of their membership package.
• Public Liability Insurance - If the animal is used in connection with your business, such as being a dog handler, walker, canine security or a guard dog. Then your business public or employers' liability insurance may provide coverage.

Should you receive a claim, it's recommended to first check for any possible insurance policy, and if cover exists, report the claim to your insurer as soon as possible. They will then take over the handling of the claim and instruct a solicitor to act on your behalf.
​​

If no insurance cover exists, or your insurer refuses to indemnify you, then you need to seek advice from a personal injury defence lawyer on your uninsured dog bite claim.

The Letter of Claim ​you receive informing you of the claim will need to be acknowledged in a certain timeframe (usually 21 days) so gaining legal advice as soon as this letter is received is highly recommended.
​

​For a claimant to be successful in their damages claim they must prove that the owner or keeper was responsible for the actions of the animal, and/or have been negligent in some way.
​

A key piece of law that is often cited in animal attack cases is the Animals Act 1971. This legislation defines the conditions that a dog’s keeper can be responsible for the behaviour and damage caused by their dog.

The act provides three tests that must be met before the owner or person in possession of the animal can be held liable for any damage that has been caused. Basically, these tests are that:

a. The damage or injury was likely to be caused by the animal unless it was restrained, and
b. It was caused by a characteristic of the animal, and
c. The characteristic was known to the owner or keeper of the animal.

While any dog has the ability to bite, they will generally only ever do this in unusual circumstances which may not be able to be reasonably foreseen by the keeper.
​

Another piece of legislation used in dog bite compensation claims is the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 if the claimant was a visitor to the defendant's property.

These laws basically place a responsibility on the occupier of a property to ensure that any visitors will be safe on the premises for the purpose of their visit.

An occupier could be classed as anyone that has a reasonable degree of control over the property where the incident occurred. So a claim may also be made against someone other than the official owner of the dog.
   

In some cases it may be your position that the incident simply did not occur or the claimant was not injured. Therefore the compensation claim is fraudulent, dishonest or at the very least exaggerated.
​ 
In this scenario to defend the claim you will need to provide evidence to disprove the claimant's version of events and investigate whether the losses and injuries being claimed are genuine.
​

Being the owner or handler of a dog, you owe the public and any visitors to your home a 'duty of care' to prevent the animal from injuring them. If a claimant can prove that an owner has breached this duty, and so has been negligent, then they may be entitled to compensation.

A person simply being bitten by a dog does not mean that the owner has been negligent. A claimant would need to show that they were aware that the dog attack could happen and failed to take adequate steps to prevent it.
​

As you have probably gathered, defending a dog bite compensation claim is a complex task and you should obtain specialist legal advice when faced with a claim.

An experienced solicitor can investigate the circumstances of the incident, as well as the history of the animal, to present all mitigating factors on why you may not be liable for the injuries caused. For example, common dog bite law defences may include:
​

• If the animal was provoked in anyway or the injury was due to the claimant's fault.
• If warnings were ignored by the claimant or they voluntarily accepted the risk.
• If the dog has never previously demonstrated aggressive behaviour and had no known dangerous characteristics.
• If animals were fighting and a person placed themselves in danger to separate.
• If the claimant was trespassing, and the dog was guarding the property from a  trespasser.

When it comes to the law, your beloved family pet is simply considered a piece of property that has inflicted damage on another person. So if you are placed in the position of defending a claim, ensure you seek the legal advice you need and your pet deserves.